High-Temperature Cooking
High-temperature cooking (e.g., 100ºC or above) increases protein oxidation and aggregation, making proteins harder to digest. Experiments demonstrated significant decreases in protein digestibility with increased cooking temperatures and durations. For instance, beef muscle cooked at 100ºC for 45 minutes showed substantial protein oxidation and decreased pepsin digestibility, similar to the effects of rapid, high-temperature cooking (1 minute at 270ºC).